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2016 Vol. 33, No. 9 Published: 2016-09-15

Geology and Subgrade Railway and Rail Bridge Engineering Tunnel Engineering Electrification Engrinnering Urban Rail Construction Orignal Article

Geology and Subgrade

	1	Experimental Research on the Soft Soil Reinforced by CFG Pile and Dumping Rockfill
		JIA Liang, ZHU Yan - peng, HE Shi - kai, CHEN Yan – jiao
		Abstract：Research purposes： CFG pile and dumping rockfill are often used for the reinforcement of soft soil，and the settlement of expressway subgrade have strict rules to the soft foundation treatment. To explore the effect of the CFG pile and dumping rockfill reinforcement for shallow soft subgrade，experimental research on the settlement is carried out on the Lanyong highway. Single - point settlement meter is embedded on the top of CFG pile and dumping rockfill in the driveway and shoulder position， the settlement is monitored after construction， the change rules of settlement with time and space are analyzed. Research conclusions ：( 1) The settlement of soft soil foundation reinforced by CFG pile and dumping rockfill increases with time. (2)The settlement of shoulder position is greater than the driveway position. (3) The settlement at different depths of CFG pile foundation decreases with the increase of depth，the settlement of CFG pile is less than dumping rockfill reinforcement subgrade, the reinforcement effect of the CFG pile is better than dumping rockfill, the stability of the shallow soft subgrade can be improved and the construction period can be shortened by ground improvement with CFG pile. (4 )The research results can provide the guidances for design and construction of soft soil.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 1-4 [Abstract] ( 2725 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (993 KB) ( 2468 )

	5	Method for Evaluating the Damage of Adjacent Side Buildings by the Dewatering of Foundation Pit in Loess Area ^Hot!
		ZHAO Min, HU Bo
		Abstract ： Research purposes： With the continuous development of Xian economy, the rate of urbanization continues to advance, super high - rise buildings are constantly emerging, accompanied by a large number of deep foundation pit. Dewatering of foundation pit excavation causes a wide range of ground settlement, which leads to different degrees of damage to the surrounding buildings, resulting in unnecessary property loss. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the damage extent of the buildings beforehand before start the dewatering, to provide a reliable proposal for the construction management and decision - making and avoid risks. Research conclusions: ( 1 ) Construct a scientific and rational hierarchical structure by using the method of target hierarchy analysis. (2) An effective evaluation of the damage degree of the surrounding structures is realized by the comprehensive evaluation method of target hierarchy analysis and fuzzy mathematics. (3 ) The method is better than traditional experience method on both hand of operability and practicability, reducing the subjective, and providing reliable decision - making advices for construction management, to avoid risks in a timely manner, for building the pre - reinforcement to provide reference. (4)The comprehensive evaluation method of target hierarchy analysis and fuzzy mathematics provides a new approach to the evaluation of the damage of the surrounding buildings in the excavation of the foundation pit in Xian, which has a certain promotional value.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 5-9 [Abstract] ( 2769 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (532 KB) ( 2393 )

	10	Research on the Selection of a Railway Subgrade Filler in High Saline Soil Region
		ZHANG Yong - kang1, ZHANG Tian2, ZHANG Rong - fei2，YAO Wei1
		Abstract: Research purposes: A railway is located in the northwest of the Qaidam Basin. The general landform is the early marine - lacustrine sedimentary open plain. The length of subgrade construction accounts for about 94. 52% of the whole line. About 94% along the railway is the saline soil，and the mainly form of the subgrade is embankment. The amount of filler required is huge, but the qualified filler is extremely scarce. Shipping qualified filler from the distance will lead to a diseconomy result. In order to build the railway，it can not only meet the requirements of subgrade quality and safety, but also can save the project investment. In this paper，several kinds of filler selection schemes are studied to determine the most economical and reasonable scheme. Research conclusions:(1) For the reasons of the special natural geographical conditions and climatic characteristics of the railway, through economic and technical comparison of several schemes，such as the non saline soil，the improved saline soil and saline soil, the design scheme of the saline soil of the subgrade engineering is finally adopted. (2) By drawing on the successful experience of China's railway construction，the comprehensive measures are used，such as partitioning capillary water， improving the subgrade compaction standard and slowing side slope ratio, to ensure the safety and stability of railway subgrade，and saving the investment. (3) The research results can provide references for the construction of railways，highways and other projects in high saline soil region in China.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 10-13 [Abstract] ( 2674 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (544 KB) ( 2474 )

	14	Three - dimensional Simulation Analysis of Response Law of Wind – blown Sand Flow around the Railway Culvert ^Hot!
		SHI Long，JIANG Fu - qiang, LI Kai - chong，XUE Chun - xiao, KONG Ling – wei
		Abstract：Research purposes： Wind field is disturbed so that balanced state of wind - blown sand flow changes when wind - blown sand flow is passing through the railway culvert which is easy to form wind - drift sand so as to block a part of culverts. These not only increase the difficulty of maintenance, but also likely destroy the line when flash floods occur in the rainy season，and endanger operation of the train. Therefore，in order to solve the culvert sand damage to lines， the motion characteristics of wind - blown sand flow around the railway culvert were simulated by the Euler two - fluid three - dimensional model， and the forming mechanism on sand damage of culverts was analyzed in this paper. Research conclusions ： (1) The simulation results are in conformity with field investigations. The model can well reflect the motion characteristics of wind - blown sand flow around the railway culver. (2) The top surface of the embankment and the interior of the culvert is in the wind erosion area， wind erosion near the windward side shoulder is stronger than the road shoulder near the leeward side. （3 ) The wing wall near culvert inlet and outlet is wind - drift area， wind deposition of outlet is stronger than inlet. (4) Airflow fluctuation index of culvert axis shows a trend of "first decreases， then increases and decreases again"，which reaches minimum value (a decrease of up to 21% ) in the windward slope toe and maximum value (a increase of up to 58% ) at inlet of the culvert. (5) In single wind areas，drift - sand starts from the outlet of culvert and in the multi wind direction areas, drift - sand starts from two sides. (6) The period of drift - sand in the multi wind direction areas is smaller than single wind direction areas. (7) The research results have a guiding significance for prevention and control of sand damage of culverts.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 14-18 [Abstract] ( 2878 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1157 KB) ( 2453 )

	19	Research on the Deformation Mechanism Model Test of Tunnel - Landslide Skew System
		WU Hong - gang1, CHEN Xiao - yun2, AI Hui3
		Abstract: Research purposes: With the rapid development of the "Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st - Century Maritime Silk Road"，the total length of the tunnel have accounted for a growing share of the railway line，leading to that lots of tunnel must pass through the landslide. In the tunnel - landslide skew system, the force conditions is the most complicated when there is a certain angle between tunnel trend and landslide main sliding direction, which is a serious threat for the construction and operation of the tunnel. At present, it did not form a unified understanding and standard for the design and construction of tunnel in our country, and also there is no complete calculation theory. This paper takes the tunnel - landslide skew system as the study object, sets up two different angles of tunnel model by model tests, simulates tunnel excavation process, and uses the rear load to prompt landslide occurrence slope downward peristalsis, around the tunnel arranges for strain gage to monitor and analyze tunnel strain respectively, and in the slope surface arranges dial indicator to monitor the displacement. Research conclusions:(1) Strain tests showed that tunnels in the vertical and horizontal directions were deformed, but the deformation vertical direction was significantly larger than the deformation in the horizontal direction. (2 ) Two - strain contrast tunnel showed that the angle of intersection between the tunnel and landslide main sliding direction was smaller, the deformation mode of the tunnel was closer to the cantilever structure. (3) Displacement tests showed the settlement of slope top at the contact surface point of bedrock and landslide was largest while the maximum point of horizontal displacement of slope top was in the middle portion of the tunnel entrance and bedrock. (4 ) Strain and displacement of tunnel slope variance analysis showed that disturbance difference of tunneling on landslide and bedrock was large, resulting in the landslide settlement larger, and the bedrock basically fixed. When tunneling in the slide body release level of surrounding rock stress was significantly greater than the excavation of the tunnel in the bedrock. (5 ) The research can provide references for the design and construction of railway tunnel which passes through the areas of landslide.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 19-23 [Abstract] ( 2777 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1594 KB) ( 2430 )

Railway and Rail

	24	Numerical Analysis of Deformation Performance of Geogrid - reinforced Railway Ballast under Train Load
		XIA Qiong1, WANG Xu1, DOU Shun2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Under train load, railway ballast is apt to be fouled or broken which may result in differential settlement of sleeper or breakage of track geometric alignment. In some countries there are experimental results indicating that the particle breakage and deformation performance of railway ballast can be improved effectively in geogrid - reinforced ballast. The research purpose of this paper is to study the deformation rules of geogrid - reinforced ballast and its influence factors under train load. Research conclusions:(1) Geogrids placed in railway ballast can not only curtail the lateral displacement and vertical settlement of ballast, but also curtail the differential settlement of ballast that arises due to the disparity in vertical stress along the tack length. The optimal location is in the subballast. (2) Within a range of geogrid elastic modulus, both lateral displacement and vertical settlement of railway ballast decrease with the increase of geogrid elastic modulus. (3 ) With the same ballast parameters and vertical stress at the surface of subgrade, the vertical settlement is affected by the lateral movement of ballast. In this paper both embody obvious linear correlation. (4) The research results can provide references for design, reconstruction and maintenance of railway ballast.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 24-28 [Abstract] ( 2741 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (677 KB) ( 2504 )

	29	Research on the Temperature Features of CRTS n Ballastless Track Slab in Severe Cold Region ^Hot!
		GUO Chao1, LU Zheng - ran1, LV Fei2, SUI Xiao - min2
		Abstract：Research purposes： Because of the noticeable changes of temperature， including air temperature， solar radiation，and air convection，in severe cold regions with FEM， the formation mechanism of damages of CRTS n ballastless track slab by thermal effects，such as slab end warps, open joints of structure layers, cracks of roadbed and so on, are studied. Research conclusions: (1) In summer 14 h/PM，the temperature of the track slab surface is the highest with 42 °C. The temperature gradient peak is 65 °C/m，and the temperature compress peak is 10 MPa. (2) In winter 6 h/AM，the temperature of the track slab is the lowest with - 39 C，and it is synchronous change with the air temperature. The temperature gradient peak is 40 °C/m，and the direction of the gradient is opposite to the summer’s temperature gradient. The temperature tension stress peak is 10 MPa. （3 ) Based on above analysis， the damage mechanisms of the CRTS n ballastless track slab were clarified that were under the winter and summer extreme weather conditions in severe cold region， and provided reference of the application of this kind of track slab in high - speed railway in severe cold region.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 29-34 [Abstract] ( 2693 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (984 KB) ( 2472 )

	35	Progress in the Research on the Railway Track Irregularity Power Spectral Density
		TIAN Guo - ying1, GAO Jian - min2, ZHAO Chun - fa2
		Abstract: Research purposes: As the general representation of random track irregularity geometrical state，the power spectral density (PSD) of track irregularity is not only an effective approach to analyze and evaluate track smoothness, guide track maintenance and reparation, but also an important input excitation to design and assess the dynamical performance of vehicle, track, bridge and other structures. Corresponding study on track irregularity PSD is highly focused by the research and management organizations at home and abroad. Research conclusions ： ( 1 ) This paper reviews and summarizes the fitting formulas and their parameters, wavelength ranges, applicative speed classes of typical track irregularity PSDs at home and abroad in detail. On this basis, the shortcomings and problems that should be further researched for the study of track irregularity PSD in China are pointed out. (2) A thorough track irregularity PSD standard system can be built, through the complement of track irregularity PSD of typical railway lines and the extension of track irregularity PSD wavelength range, especially the short wavelength PSD of longitudinal level for high - speed railway. (3 ) Investigating the evolution law of track irregularity in the frequency domain and the corresponding PSD limit by means of track irregularity PSD, has significant engineering value for the maintenance of track geometry state and the rational formulation of track irregularity amplitude and PSD limits.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 35-40 [Abstract] ( 3011 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (627 KB) ( 2533 )

Bridge Engineering

	41	Research on the Mechanical Property of Railway Bridge Strengthened with Adding Steel Braces
		ZHOU Chang - dong，ZHANGXu，TIAN Miao - wang，WANGPeng - guo，MAXin
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： In view of the existing concrete simply - supported double T railway bridge in the increasing speed of train and axle load of freight train leading to the problems of large bridge transverse amplitude，a retrofit measure with adding steel braces between web plates for the railway bridge is proposed in this paper. This retrofit method is simple in construction，and can shorten the construction period. It also doesn’t interrupt the normal operation of the train， and has little effect on the vertical performance and substructure of the bridge. The static performance of the bridge and dynamic interaction between train and bridge are studied through the finite element analysis software ANSYS and multi - body dynamics software Universal Mechanism (UM). Research conclusions:(1) Different types and layouts of braces have large effect on increasing the transverse stiffness of the bridge. The transverse stiffness of beam body increases more effective when strengthening the tie - beam and lower part of the beam body connection. (2) The braces near the mid - span of the bridge have little effect on increasing the transverse stiffness of the bridge. ( 3 ) This retrofit method can effectively increase the transverse stiffness of the bridge， but does not influence the vertical stiffness of the bridge because of adding too much weight of the bridge. So it has little effect on the vertical performance and substructure of the bridge. (4) Track irregularity spectrum is the main source of the vehicle - bridge coupled system, it is necessary to choose reasonable track irregularity spectrum in the vehicle - bridge coupled simulation analysis. (5) After retrofit the bridge can satisfy the operational requirement with increase of the train speed and axle load. (6 ) This retrofit method can be used for the existing concrete simply - supported railway bridge when the transverse amplitude is transfinite, construction schedule is very tense and it can effectively reduce disturbance for the lower structure of the bridge.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 41-47 [Abstract] ( 2661 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1206 KB) ( 2434 )

	48	Vehicle - bridge Resonance Analysis of Dashengguan Bridge Based on Vibration Acceleration Monitoring ^Hot!
		DING You - liang1，WANG Chao1, ZHAO Han - wei1，YUE Qing2，WU Lai - yi2
		Abstract: Research purposes: As it is known that the long - term vibration of a bridge will directly affect its service status and life, this paper investigated the correlation between the acceleration of girder vibration and the train speeds based on the acceleration data of Dashengguan Bridge from 2014 to 2015. Furthermore， the resonance speed of the girder of the Dashengguan Bridge was explored. The main factors affecting the resonance characteristics of the bridge were analyzed，which offered references to future studies on vehicle - bridge resonance mechanism and identifications of safety alarming system. Research conclusions:( 1 ) The accelerations of girder vibration have obviously non - stationary characteristics under high - speed trains. Meanwhile， the amplitude of vertical accelerations is evidently larger than the amplitude of transverse accelerations. (2) At the train speed of 150 ?250 km/h，the bridge girder has obvious resonances in transverse and vertical vibrations. Near the mid - line of bridge， there is multiple resonance speed points while far from the mid - line of bridge， there is only one resonance speed point. （3 ) The monitoring of resonance characteristics of vehicle - bridge of the Dashengguan Bridge is slightly impacted by the temperature and time of data. So a long - term stable data of health monitoring system can be used for characteristic analysis of vehicle - bridge resonance of the Dashengguan Bridge. (4 ) The conclusion drawn in this paper can provide certain references to the vehicle - bridge resonance mechanism of other long - span steel - truss arch bridges.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 48-54 [Abstract] ( 3300 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1021 KB) ( 2506 )

	55	Safety Analysis of the Bridge Dynamic Performance Based on Train - Bridge Coupling Random Vibration
		YU Zhi - wu1，TAN Sui1, MAO Jian - feng2
		Abstract: Research purposes: The excessive bridge vibration caused by train will affect the safety of train running when it is crossing the bridge. In order to ensure the safety and steady, a train - bridge coupling random vibration model need to be built and the bridge dynamic performance should be analyzed. Based on the space time varying train - bridge coupling system model and track irregularity power spectrum， this paper designed a train - bridge coupled random vibration analysis program by using MATLAB，calculated the standard deviation value for the random response of the train - bridge system by adopting pseudo excitation method. Research conclusions: (1) Compared with the Monte Carlo method, the pseudo excitation method is a simple and rapid way in working out the standard deviation value and response power spectrum. It has higher accuracy and computation efficiency by 1 ?2 order of magnitudes. (2) The range of the random vibration response was obtained by using the theory of triple standard deviation，and the paper compared it with the existing specification limits, provided a new thought for the bridge dynamic security analysis. (3 ) The maximum value and minimum value curves of the lateral acceleration and amplitude are symmetrical and most random. As to the vertical acceleration, the deterministic part of the response is as important as the standard deviation caused by the track irregularity. (4) The vertical displacement is of less randomness and mainly determined by the determined loads. (5) The result provides a scientific basis for bridge dynamic performance evaluation of train - bridge coupling random vibration.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 55-61 [Abstract] ( 2743 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1028 KB) ( 2405 )

	62	Contrastive Analysis of the Seismic Performance for New Bridge Pier Based on Different Structure Forms
		XIANG Min, WANG Wen - ya,AI Qing –hua
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： A large number of long - span continuous rigid frame bridges with high pier were built in the high seismic intensity of the mountain and canyon area, and it is necessary to explore and seek a new type of bridge pier for high seismic intensity area. The Erlang River Super Major Bridge was taken as the engineering background of this paper，according to the double limb thin - walled high pier section (RC pier) of this bridge and the principle of same bearing capacity and pier - top "s stiffness， two new kinds of high pier sections are optimally designed: one is connected by steel plate (CFS -1 pier) , another is connected by double corrugated steel web (CFS -2 pier) . A finite element model was established by Open Sees to study three kinds of high pier structure's characteristics with Pushover method，such as hysteretic loops， accumulative hysteretic energy dissipation，equivalent viscous damping coefficient， skeleton curves，ductility performance，and stiffness characteristics. And their seismic performances were compared and analyzed. Research conclusions:(1) At the same axial compressive ratio, based on the comparative analysis of hysteretic loops，accumulative hysteretic energy dissipation and equivalent viscous damping coefficient, the result is that CFS - 1 and CFS -2 piers^ energy dissipation is far higher than that of RC while CFS - 2 s energy dissipation is slightly higher than CFS -1. Based on the comparative analysis of skeleton curves，displacement ductility coefficient and equivalent stiffness degradation coefficient, CFS -1 and CFS -2 piers Aplastic deformation capacity is significantly higher than that of RC and the plastic deformation ability of CFS - 2 is slightly better than that of CFS - 1. (2 ) The seismic performance of the new optima - designed CFS - 1 and CFS -2 piers is better than that of RC. (3) The seismic performance of CFS -2 is slightly better than the performance of CFS -1，which shows that the connection between piers of concrete - filled steel has impact on piers＇ seismic performance and the connection of double corrugated steel web is better than the connection of steel plate in this study. (4) The research results can provide references and guidances for the design of future similar bridge structural system.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 62-69 [Abstract] ( 2629 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1133 KB) ( 2406 )

	70	Research on the Anti - seismic Measures for Long - span Three - pylon Cable - stayed Bridges
		LI Xiao - zhen1, TAN Qing - quan1, XIAO Lin1, SHI Jian - hua2
		Abstract：Research purposes ： The seismic response of Erqi Yangzi River Bridge in Wuhan， with different girder supporting systems and viscous damper parameters was studied to investigate the anti - seismic measures for long - span three - pylon cable - stayed bridges. A number of nonlinear time - history analyses were conducted focusing on different deck support systems: simply supporting, floating and rigid system; Meanwhile, the sensibility of viscous damper’s two parameters： damping coefficient C and damping exponent a was researched. Research conclusions:(1) Each of the three support systems has its good points on internal force or deformation, but simply supporting system is suitable of long - span three - pylon cable - stayed bridges taking a comprehensive consideration of internal force and deformation. （2) Seismic response is sensible to damping exponent a ranging from 0. 3 to 0. 5. The appropriate seismic response is gained when the damping parameters are taking as damping coefficient C=5 000 kN/(m ? s )a， damping exponent a =0.3. (3) The research results can give references for the seismic deign of similar bridges.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 70-75 [Abstract] ( 2794 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1103 KB) ( 2488 )

	76	Research on the Tunnel Engineering Characteristics and Construction Technology of the Tertiary Water Rich Sand
		ZHANG Min - qing，HE Zhi - jun，XIAO Guang - zhi, REN Cheng – min
		Abstract：Research purposes： When the tunnel passes through the tertiary water rich sand layer， because of high formation water content，the excavation stability is very poor，the surrounding rock deformation，collapse and flow sand are extremely serious，the construction difficulty is very large， and the security risks are high. This paper studies the dewatering measures to reduce the formation moisture content， and improve the formation stability， at the same time， takes horizontal jet grouting reinforcement stratum to improve supporting ability， or use partial excavation method to achieve the purpose of "quick dig，quick support，quick close"，to ensure the safety of the tunnel construction. Research conclusions:( 1 ) The rich water layer is a new class of special rock and soil， with the engineering characteristics of " bad water stability， poor groutability，poor uniformity and large deformation"， during tunnel construction water inrush and sand inrush disaster is extremely easy to occur， engineering difficulty and safety risk are very great. (2) The tertiary water rich sand natural water content is about 4% , the plastic limit water content is about 11%，water content of liquid limit is about 18%. After taking the dewatering measures, the formation water content can be stabilized at about 4% , so as to maintain its stability. (3) Using a combination of dewatering - segment excavation method, combination of dewatering - horizontal rotary jet grouting reinforcement method can guarantee the tunnel construction safety in the tertiary water rich sand layer. Accumulated deformation during CRD excavation is 15 ?20 cm， accumulated deformation during double column stratification method excavation for 10 ?15 cm，accumulated deformation during the excavation of double heading method for 5 ?10 cm，the accumulated deformation during the excavation of horizontal rotary jet grouting reinforcement method is 3 ?5 cm, overall, horizontal rotary jet grouting reinforcement method and double heading method are relatively safer. (4) For the rich sand water tunnel, monthly progress is 10 ? 15 m by combination of dewatering - segment excavation method, and using combination of dewatering - horizontal rotary jet grouting reinforcement method monthly schedule is 15 ?20 m. (5 ) The research results can be a reference for the design and construction for the similar tertiary water rich sand tunnel.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 76-81 [Abstract] ( 2811 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1090 KB) ( 2459 )

Tunnel Engineering

	82	Research on the Application of Artificial Freezing Technology Inside the Tunnel with Subsurface Excavation ^Hot!
		YUAN Yun - hui1, YANG Ping2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： During the construction of tunnel with subsurface excavation of Shang - Xin tunnel in Nanjing metro line No. 2 water inrush and gushing mud disaster occured. A safe， reliable and strong applicability technical measure must be used to close seepage path. At the same time impact on surrounding environment must be minimized. Research conclusions: Numerical model of freezing thermal field and tunnel excavation is built for water inflowing tunnel in Shang - Xin tunnel of Nanjing metro line No. 2 by ADINA to solve the problem. （1 ) The calculation result and engineering practice demonstrated that the application of vertical artificial freezing can effectively solve the problem of muddy burst in subsurface tunnel. （2) The distance of freezing pipes should less than 1. 2 meter so as to get effective freezing wall. (3) Thickness of frozen wall keeping in 1. 6 ?2. 0 m is safe and reasonable. (4 ) Temporary support measures must be taken on the procession of tunnel excavation after frozen. (5 ) Artificial freezing method as an effective check water and supporting method in mining method in the process of the tunnel through the permeable layer has extensive application prospect.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 82-86 [Abstract] ( 3086 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (790 KB) ( 2474 )

	87	Damage Analysis and Repair Technology of OMEGA Gasket in Immersed Tube Tunnel ^Hot!
		BAI Yun, LU Hong – hao
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： As the weak link of immersed tube tunnel， the joint is easily becoming damaged or aged. Especially for those who is built in soft soil foundation，the differential settlement often causes joint damage which can seriously affect the working life of immersed tube tunnel. To meet the operational requirements of a century， the joint needs to be repaired during working life. Thus， it is necessary to bring out a repair plan which is reliable， convenient and with good applicability. Meanwhile, in the view of precaution, the prevention programs corresponding to damage reasons are also requisite. Research conclusions:(1) Based on the monitored data and field observations，the damage on the OMEGA gaskets of Shanghai outer line tunnel is summarized to a three - stage process. (2) The corresponding solutions are put forward which include settlement control， relative displacement limits and OMEGA gasket repair. The replacement scheme for the OMEGA gasket can minimize the interference on traffic. (3) Corresponding to the causes of damage in each stage， prevention suggestions are given， including adding a GINA stop， planning of the utilization of shoreside ground and grouting according to settlement data. (4) Repair plans and prevention suggestions mentioned in this paper can be promoted as a reference for repair projects of further rail and road immersed tube tunnels.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 87-92 [Abstract] ( 2701 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (896 KB) ( 2499 )

Electrification Engrinnering

	93	Research on the Trajectory of Broken Electric Transmission Line Crossing Catenary ^Hot!
		LI Feng1, LUO Ming2, HUAN Rong - hua3
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： With the rapid construction of high - speed railway and high voltage overhead transmission lines in China, the phenomenon of high voltage overhead transmission line across the railway catenary is becoming more and more common. However, since the high - speed railway went into operation, catenary failures have occurred several times due to the broken of overhead transmission line, seriously affecting the safe operation of high - speed railway, so it is necessary to research to take the necessary protective measures on the catenary in the area where overhead transmission lines crossing. According to the typical extreme working conditions such as wind or icing, this paper researches the trajectory of the broken transmission line, to provide the basis for the design of the protective structure of the catenary. Research conclusions:(1) The maximum lateral displacement of the broken transmission line is over 30 meters under the condition of maximum wind when the crossing elevation difference is 14 m; (2) The maximum lateral displacement is only up to 3 meters under the condition of maximum ice thickness, which is much smaller than that in the maximum wind case; (3 ) The dynamic simulation based on Recurdyn, provides a new effective technique for fault simulation of catenary; (4) The research conclusion can be used to determine the longitudinal length of the protective frame of overhead transmission line.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 93-98 [Abstract] ( 2774 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (977 KB) ( 2418 )

	99	Analysis of Reliability and Reliability Sensitivity of DSA200 Pantograph
		ZHANG Yi - min, GAO Yue, LV Hao, MA Tian – zheng
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： In order to improve the reliability of pantographs of high speed train, the finite element analysis is made in the state of head - rising of DSA200 pantograph and the stress response of the dangerous point is received. The simulation samples of dangerous point stress value and random variable are generated with the methods of sampling and experimental design. Then， their relational expression is fitted and the reliability limit state function is built using the technology of BP neural network. Combined with random perturbation technique， first order second moment method and matrix differential method，the reliability and reliability sensitivity of pantograph are analyzed. Research conclusions ： (1) The influence of load on the pantograph reliability is much greater than that of material property，and the effect of Poissons ratio is greater than those of elastic modulus and density of the material. (2) The load and material parameters should be strictly controlled in the process of design and manufacturing，in order to make sure the strength reliability of the pantograph and the safety of the high - speed railway operation. (3 ) The method of reliability proposed in this paper has a high precision and can be applied to the design of pantograph.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 99-103 [Abstract] ( 2886 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (939 KB) ( 2536 )

Orignal Article

	104	ZPW -2000 Shift Frequency Signal Detection by Improved Duffing Oscillator
		WU Xiao - chun1, ZHANG Hai - dong1,HE Yong - xiang2
		Abstract： Research purposes: Traditional Duffing oscillator has small frequency parameter restriction， and the detecting angle caused by initial phase angle and the detection results are only qualitative judgment in detecting ZPW - 2000 shift frequency signal. In this paper we make improvements in detection method and get an improved Duffing oscillator detection system. Research conclusions:(1) The detection model of any frequency signal is obtained by using the general time scale transformation to traditional Duffing equation. (2) Bacause the initial phase angle may make the detecting blind angle in the measured signal，the detection blind angle is eliminated by making the original driven signal phase shift a degree. (3 ) In order to obtain the accurate detection results，on the basis of the qualitative judgment of the phase diagram and time domain diagram， a quantitative method based on the detection statistic is proposed to realize the accurate determination to the detection results. The simulation obtains that the detection accuracy of this method is higher than qualitative judgment. （4) The improved Duffing oscillator detection system is first applied to the detection of ZPW -2000 shift frequency signal. The steps of detection are given. The simulation results show that the detection system of improved Duffing oscillator can realize the detection of ZPW -2000 shift signal in low SNR. (5) The research outcome will realize the accurate detection of ZPW -2000 shift signal in background of strong noise.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 104-112 [Abstract] ( 3182 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1474 KB) ( 2455 )

	113	Research on the Structure Design for Four - tracked - double Station Tunnel in Steep Dip Stratum
		LIU Jian - wei, LU Zhi - qiang, ZHANG Wang, ZHANG Lin – sen
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Tushan station of Chongqing urban rail transit loop line is a four - tracked - double station tunnel with single hole excavation span of 21.6 m and double hole interval of 19. 7 m in inclined stratum. The rock stratum in station range has a mature oblique bedding and cross bedding with good connectivity. The both sides of level junction are a rock broken zone with poor associativity. To study the support parameters and construction sequence of the station tunnel, the qualitative analysis of underground cavern excavation stability is made using software Unwedge and three - dimensional construction process simulation is made using finite element analysis software MIDAS/GTS. Research conclusions:(1) According to the results of the above comprehensive analysis, it is suggested that a one?time dismantling support length of the left and right holes can not exceed 6 m and 9 m. (2) In structural plane bedding sliding face pressure side walls and vault hollow bolt should be adopted to pass through the structure surface with large angle. (3)The surrounding rock pressure monitoring should be increased in bias and the pressure side wall of the back. (4) Support design and structural calculation should focus on considering the adverse effect of the bias. (5) The research results in this paper have certain reference value for the design and construction of similar tunnel in steep dip stratum.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 113-117 [Abstract] ( 2869 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1151 KB) ( 2537 )

Urban Rail Construction

	118	Exploration on the Investment and Financing and Construction Mode of Urban Rail Transit
		XIANG Chun
		Abstract：Research purposes： In recent years，Chinas urbanization rate increased quickly，the urban population has reached more than half of the total population. With the acceleration of Chinas urbanization process，the original urban transportation infrastructure cant already satisfy the requirements of the development of urbanization，rail transportation is not only the important means to solve the problem of urban traffic， but also is the inevitable choice of urbanization development in our country. The investment and financing is a key problem for urban rail transit construction. Research conclusions ： ( 1 ) The urban rail transit construction in China has been improved from a single mode of government investment to various types of project financing modes， in order to realize marketization of investment way and the diversification of subjects in the urban rail transit construction, project financing is an important way. (2) Only by saving investment cost as much as possible， urban rail transit construction project can achieve better economic benefit. For urban rail transit construction，implementing the project legal person responsibility system，capital system and so on， is conducive to improve the quality of the construction management and investment benefit. (3) This research is helpful to promote the construction and development of urban rail transit， and solve the problem of much - needed funds in the construction of urban rail transit.
		2016 Vol. 33 (9): 118-122 [Abstract] ( 2725 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (620 KB) ( 2456 )

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