Journal of Railway Engineering Society

关闭×

The mobile platform

Office Online

Journal Online

Archive

Member Service

2016 Vol. 33, No. 11 Published: 2016-11-15

Geology and Subgrade Railway and Rail Bridge Engineering Tunnel Engineering Urban Rail Construction Engineering Economy and Management

Geology and Subgrade

	1	The Crustal Tectonic Dynamic Effects of Jinshajiang Combination Zone of Sichuan - Tibet Railway ^Hot!
		LI Yu - sheng1，HUANG Chao1，JIANG Liang - wen2，MAO Bang - yan2，LIU Kai1，YI Shu - jian1
		Abstract : Research purposes : Jinshajiang combination zone is a lithosphere fracture belt that Sichuan - Tibet railway cannot avoid. The activity and stress - strain of crustal rock in fault zone have constrained the railway engineering seriously. Based on field investigation on geology - tectonic features and earthquake，combining regional geophysical and deep tectonic information，a geotechnics conceptual model of crustal structure of Jinshajiang combination zone was established. The stress，strain and deformation characteristics were analyzed by using ANSYS finite element numerical simulation method. Research conclusions: ( 1 ) Jinshajiang combination zone is a reverse fault with strong compressive property. (2) Two high - conductivity weak layers in the crust flow to NE driving upper rock， forming a dynamic model like 11 conveyor belt". (3 ) The migmatite on the west of Jinshajiang combination zone breaks the crustal horizontal continuity， plays a shielding role in the stress and movement of crust. (4) The effects of combination zone on railway engineering were compressive deformation along NE，high ground stress of tunnel in the magmatite region，and large deformation of soft rock on the east of combination zone. (5)The research results can be applied to planning and design of Sichuan - Tibet railway and otlier similar railways.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 1-5 [Abstract] ( 2870 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2566 )

	5	Analysis and Prevention of Adverse Geological Body in High Seismic Intensity Area of Tibetan Highway
		CHENG Yong - gang1，LI Guang - bai1，CHEN Yong - xiang2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The regional geological condition of Tibetan region in West Sichuan is extremely complex，and the construction is very dificult. Since the construction of tlie project began，adverse geological body of the high intensity seismic area and the differences in the concept of prevention and control have resulted in a considerable size of the project change，and even caused the project abandonment and the duration delay. Based on this，this paper takes the Maoniugou adverse geological body of Yaan - Kangding highway for exemple，discusses the unfavorable geologic bodies qualitative and project management plan of Til^etan high intensity seismic region，to provide a reference for the future safety and economy construction of the Tibetan highway or Sichuan - Tibet railway. Research conclusions ：( 1 ) The qualitative assessment of adverse geological body in high intensity eartliquake zone should be inferred and verified from slope landform evolution，geological structure，geological analogy and otlier asjDects. (2) The slope stability of high intensity eartiiquake zone should be evaluated according to the geological conditions earthquake history and visits to local residents. (3) The potential sliding force of large adverse geological body in high intensity seismic region is quite sensitive to the safety factor，should reasonably select tiie safety coefficient according to the principle of no damage under small earthquake，repairable under moderate earthquake and no collapse under strong earthquake. (4) The proper clearing and effective drainage of large bad geological body project in the high intensity earthquake zone is the priority measures of slope governance. (5) The research results can provide useful reference for the traffic engineering construction of Tibetan area with high seismic intensity.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 5-11 [Abstract] ( 2810 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1375 KB) ( 2546 )

	6	Analysis and Prevention of Adverse Geological Body in High Seismic Intensity Area of Tibetan Highway
		CHENG Yong - gang1，LI Guang - bai1，CHEN Yong - xiang2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The regional geological condition of Tibetan region in West Sichuan is extremely complex，and the construction is very dificult. Since the construction of tlie project began，adverse geological body of the high intensity seismic area and the differences in the concept of prevention and control have resulted in a considerable size of the project change，and even caused the project abandonment and the duration delay. Based on this，this paper takes the Maoniugou adverse geological body of Yaan - Kangding highway for exemple，discusses the unfavorable geologic bodies qualitative and project management plan of Til^etan high intensity seismic region，to provide a reference for the future safety and economy construction of the Tibetan highway or Sichuan - Tibet railway. Research conclusions ：( 1 ) The qualitative assessment of adverse geological body in high intensity eartliquake zone should be inferred and verified from slope landform evolution，geological structure，geological analogy and otlier asjDects. (2) The slope stability of high intensity eartiiquake zone should be evaluated according to the geological conditions earthquake history and visits to local residents. (3) The potential sliding force of large adverse geological body in high intensity seismic region is quite sensitive to the safety factor，should reasonably select tiie safety coefficient according to the principle of no damage under small earthquake，repairable under moderate earthquake and no collapse under strong earthquake. (4) The proper clearing and effective drainage of large bad geological body project in the high intensity earthquake zone is the priority measures of slope governance. (5) The research results can provide useful reference for the traffic engineering construction of Tibetan area with high seismic intensity.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 6-11 [Abstract] ( 2842 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2501 )

	12	Research on the Relationship between Mesoscopic and Macroscopic Mechanical Parameters of Cohesive Coarse Grained Soil
		ZHAN Yong - xiang1，YAO Hai - lin1，ZHANG Jing - bo2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： In order to0 select accurately particle mesoscopic parameters0 to reflect macroscopic mechanical properties of granular materials，scaling lawthat describes relationship between micro and macro parameters of cohesive coarse grained soils is obtained by using dimensional analysis. A number of plane biaxial compression simulation tests are carried out for cohesive coarse grained soil， and based on Mohr - Coulomb failure criterion， the relationship is interpreted between particle mesoscopic parameters of cohesive materials， including particle stiffness ratio， particle friction coefficient， particle contact bond strengtli ratio， and material macroscopic shear strengtli parameters，which can provide references for determining mechanics parameters of coarse grained soil particle material in the future. Research conclusions ：( 1 ) The relationship between particle stiffness ratio and cohesion force is obvious logarithmic correlation，particle stiffnes ratio and internal friction angle meet linear correlation. Particles friction coefficient has a weak effect on cohesion force，and there is a polynomial relationship between them. While particles friction coefficient has a greater influence on internal friction angle and there is logaritlimic correlation between them. Contact bond strength is significantly influence on cohesion force, but almost no impact on internal friction angle. ( 2 ) Particle contact bond strengtii ratio is the important factors to affect material shear failure form, the micro and macro mechanics parameters have different correlation under different shear failure form. ( 3 )The study results have directive meaning to quickly and reasonably determine the micro - parameters of PFC model.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 12-16 [Abstract] ( 2843 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2447 )

	16	Analysis of the Influence of Temperature Rise onthe Stability of FrozenSoil Roadbed Using Finite Element Method
		CHU Xiao - gang1，ZHANG Jun - ping1，WANG Yin - sheng2，LIU Tao2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Influenced by global warming and human economic activities，the vegetation is declining and desertification is deteriorating in the Qinghai – Tibet Plateau，and the physical and mechanical properties of permafrost change，so the stability of the roadbed is facing challenges. In view of the influence of temperature rise on the stability of frozen soil roadbed， the research method of numerical simulation is adopted to analyze and predict the stability of the frozen soil roadbed based on the data of temperature measurement and geophysical prospecting data of permafrost roadbed in Qinghai - Tibet railway. Furthermore，the physical process of the ground temperature transferring and the changing law of tiie thawing area are obtained，providing the basis for tiie analysis of tiie long - term stability of the roadbed and the formulation of t!ie maintenance program. Research conclusions ： (1) Witii the pasage of time，construction of roadbed in permafrost regions shows a trend of gradual degradation， and the limit of the degradation speed of riprap embankment is less than that of the common roadbed. (2) Due to the basic body temperature distribution under endothermic effects on different slopes，the partial temperature field is asymmetric. (3) Compared with the common roadbed； layers of riprap roadbed can play a better cooling and heat insulation ：fect on the roadbed body and the soil below. (4) The annual average temperature of 15 meters belowthe center line of the roadbed is lower than that of 15 meters below the natural surface and increases year by year. (5) The artificial upper limit of riprap roadbed，common roadbed and natural surface decreases annually and the declining rates increase in turn. (6)The research results have guiding significance for the planning， design and construction ； operation and maintenance of the Qinghai – Tibetrailway and the permafrost regions.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 16-21 [Abstract] ( 2955 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (956 KB) ( 2539 )

	17	Analysis of the Influence of Temperature Rise onthe Stability of FrozenSoil Roadbed Using Finite Element Method
		CHU Xiao - gang1，ZHANG Jun - ping1，WANG Yin - sheng2，LIU Tao2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Influenced by global warming and human economic activities，the vegetation is declining and desertification is deteriorating in the Qinghai – Tibet Plateau，and the physical and mechanical properties of permafrost change，so the stability of the roadbed is facing challenges. In view of the influence of temperature rise on the stability of frozen soil roadbed， the research method of numerical simulation is adopted to analyze and predict the stability of the frozen soil roadbed based on the data of temperature measurement and geophysical prospecting data of permafrost roadbed in Qinghai - Tibet railway. Furthermore，the physical process of the ground temperature transferring and the changing law of tiie thawing area are obtained，providing the basis for tiie analysis of tiie long - term stability of the roadbed and the formulation of t!ie maintenance program. Research conclusions ： (1) Witii the pasage of time，construction of roadbed in permafrost regions shows a trend of gradual degradation， and the limit of the degradation speed of riprap embankment is less than that of the common roadbed. (2) Due to the basic body temperature distribution under endothermic effects on different slopes，the partial temperature field is asymmetric. (3) Compared with the common roadbed； layers of riprap roadbed can play a better cooling and heat insulation ：fect on the roadbed body and the soil below. (4) The annual average temperature of 15 meters belowthe center line of the roadbed is lower than that of 15 meters below the natural surface and increases year by year. (5) The artificial upper limit of riprap roadbed，common roadbed and natural surface decreases annually and the declining rates increase in turn. (6)The research results have guiding significance for the planning， design and construction ； operation and maintenance of the Qinghai – Tibetrailway and the permafrost regions.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 17-22 [Abstract] ( 2662 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2529 )

	22	Static Characteristic Research on Coarse Grained Soil Filling in Heavy Haul Railway Subgrade Bed ^Hot!
		LENG Wu - ming，MEI Hui - hao, NIE Ru - song，YANG QI，ZHAO Chun - yan
		Abstract：Research purposes： Coarse grained soil( CGS) is the core filling of heavy haul railway because of its good engineering mechanics properties， the deformation properties of CGS under heavy axle load train directly affect the subgrade stability and traffic safety. The static characteristic research is the foundation of dynamic characteristic research. Therefore，large - scale triaxial s!iear tests and finite element analysis were carried out to study the deformation properties of CGS under static loads. Research conclusions： Regarding the static characteristic research on CGS， the following conclusions can be drawn：(1) The stress - strain relations of saturated specimens and unsaturated specimens were the types of ideal elastic - plastic and strain soften characteristics，respectively. (2) The peak shear strength of CGS decreases with the in crease of moisture content，and increases with the increase of degree of compaction and confining pressure. (3) Normal strain ! and deformation ! at center line of subgrade bed increase witii the increase of moisture content， decrease witii the increase of degree of compaction. ( 4) The research results could provide references for the design and maintenance of heavy haul railway subgrade bed.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 22-25 [Abstract] ( 2760 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (963 KB) ( 2566 )

	23	Static Characteristic Research on Coarse Grained Soil Filling in Heavy Haul Railway Subgrade Bed ^Hot!
		LENG Wu - ming，MEI Hui - hao, NIE Ru - song，YANG QI，ZHAO Chun - yan
		Abstract：Research purposes： Coarse grained soil( CGS) is the core filling of heavy haul railway because of its good engineering mechanics properties， the deformation properties of CGS under heavy axle load train directly affect the subgrade stability and traffic safety. The static characteristic research is the foundation of dynamic characteristic research. Therefore，large - scale triaxial s!iear tests and finite element analysis were carried out to study the deformation properties of CGS under static loads. Research conclusions： Regarding the static characteristic research on CGS， the following conclusions can be drawn：(1) The stress - strain relations of saturated specimens and unsaturated specimens were the types of ideal elastic - plastic and strain soften characteristics，respectively. (2) The peak shear strength of CGS decreases with the in crease of moisture content，and increases with the increase of degree of compaction and confining pressure. (3) Normal strain ! and deformation ! at center line of subgrade bed increase witii the increase of moisture content， decrease witii the increase of degree of compaction. ( 4) The research results could provide references for the design and maintenance of heavy haul railway subgrade bed.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 23-28 [Abstract] ( 3067 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2578 )

	26	Explorationonthe EarthPressure Algorithm of Gravity Shoulder Retaining Wall under the Train Load
		DING Zhao - feng，LIU Hui - juan，GAO Ji – tao
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The earth pressure algorithm of gravity shoulder retaining wall under vertical loads of train in railway engineeringusually comes from the subgrade manual. And that can also reference the 11 diffusion angle 450 gmethod" or 11 diffusion angle 45° + !/2 method". But all the algoritlims above are inadequate. This paper put forward a new algorithmthat can be named" three rupture angle method" . The new algorithmcan make up the deficiency of the above algorithms. And the results of the new algorithm are more reasonable， that can provide reference for engineering designers. Research conclusions ：( 1) The scope and intensity of soil pressure by subgrade manual method changes with the height of the wall. ( 2 ) The "diffusion angle 450 method" and "diffusion angle 45° + !/2 method" can make up for the deficiency ofsubgrade manual method. But the two methods still using the simple assumptions and the influence of the filler or the boundary conditions are not considered. (3) This paper put forward" three rupture angle method "that can make up the shortage of the above algorithm. The influences of filler properties and boundary conditions on the range of soil pressure were fully considered. The calculation results are more reasonable. (4 ) The 11 three rupture angle method11 can be used in railway subgrade gravity retaining wall design. And it can also be used for other shoulder wall or embankment wall design. The design results are more reasonable and reliable.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 26-30 [Abstract] ( 2650 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (712 KB) ( 2485 )

	29	Explorationonthe EarthPressure Algorithm of Gravity Shoulder Retaining Wall under the Train Load
		DING Zhao - feng，LIU Hui - juan，GAO Ji – tao
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The earth pressure algorithm of gravity shoulder retaining wall under vertical loads of train in railway engineeringusually comes from the subgrade manual. And that can also reference the 11 diffusion angle 450 gmethod" or 11 diffusion angle 45° + !/2 method". But all the algoritlims above are inadequate. This paper put forward a new algorithmthat can be named" three rupture angle method" . The new algorithmcan make up the deficiency of the above algorithms. And the results of the new algorithm are more reasonable， that can provide reference for engineering designers. Research conclusions ：( 1) The scope and intensity of soil pressure by subgrade manual method changes with the height of the wall. ( 2 ) The "diffusion angle 450 method" and "diffusion angle 45° + !/2 method" can make up for the deficiency ofsubgrade manual method. But the two methods still using the simple assumptions and the influence of the filler or the boundary conditions are not considered. (3) This paper put forward" three rupture angle method "that can make up the shortage of the above algorithm. The influences of filler properties and boundary conditions on the range of soil pressure were fully considered. The calculation results are more reasonable. (4 ) The 11 three rupture angle method11 can be used in railway subgrade gravity retaining wall design. And it can also be used for other shoulder wall or embankment wall design. The design results are more reasonable and reliable.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 29-32 [Abstract] ( 2643 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2520 )

	31	Mfects of the Interaction between Beam and Rail on Terminal Spine Setting on Short Subgrade Section behind the Abutment
		MEI Da - peng1，MA Xu - feng2，CHEN Rong3，HU Chen - yang3，WANG Ping3
		Abstract ：Research purposes： The terminal spine behind abutment is used as the limit structure of tlie track structure， which is an important part of CRTS ! slab track. The rail - slab - bridge - terminal spine - subgrade integration finite model is established to research the influence of longitudinal mechanical behavior between beam and ballastless track on the force and deformation of tlie terminal spine on the short subgrade section，optimize the setting of the terminal spine on the short subgrade section，and put forward a project of foundation plate being laid continuously on the short subgrade， setting T - shaped terminal spine in the middle of foundation plate and using AB group filling material filling the terminal spine. Research conclusions:(1) When foundation plate is laid continuously on the short subgrade，the short subgrade length has little effect on the force and deformation of track structure and terminal sj)ine under temperature force，and the forces of trie terminal sj)ine and friction plate are very small. (2) By the comparison of tliree kinds of trie terminal spine setting project, when foundation plate is laid continuously and sets terminal spine, rail longitudinal force and displacement on the right side of continuous beam change more smoothly，and the longitudinal displacement is reduced by 22；. (3) Put forward the foundation plate being laid continuously and setting inverted T - shaped terminal spine， but using more economical AB Group filling material. The checking results show that t!ie forces of t!ie terminal spine and friction plate are small under temperature force and can meet the requirements of engineering application. (4) The relevant research results are helj^ful to the design of CRTS ! slab track.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 31-35 [Abstract] ( 2915 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1313 KB) ( 2489 )

	33	Mfects of the Interaction between Beam and Rail on Terminal Spine Setting on Short Subgrade Section behind the Abutment
		MEI Da - peng1，MA Xu - feng2，CHEN Rong3，HU Chen - yang3，WANG Ping3
		Abstract ：Research purposes： The terminal spine behind abutment is used as the limit structure of tlie track structure， which is an important part of CRTS ! slab track. The rail - slab - bridge - terminal spine - subgrade integration finite model is established to research the influence of longitudinal mechanical behavior between beam and ballastless track on the force and deformation of tlie terminal spine on the short subgrade section，optimize the setting of the terminal spine on the short subgrade section，and put forward a project of foundation plate being laid continuously on the short subgrade， setting T - shaped terminal spine in the middle of foundation plate and using AB group filling material filling the terminal spine. Research conclusions:(1) When foundation plate is laid continuously on the short subgrade，the short subgrade length has little effect on the force and deformation of track structure and terminal sj)ine under temperature force，and the forces of trie terminal sj)ine and friction plate are very small. (2) By the comparison of tliree kinds of trie terminal spine setting project, when foundation plate is laid continuously and sets terminal spine, rail longitudinal force and displacement on the right side of continuous beam change more smoothly，and the longitudinal displacement is reduced by 22；. (3) Put forward the foundation plate being laid continuously and setting inverted T - shaped terminal spine， but using more economical AB Group filling material. The checking results show that t!ie forces of t!ie terminal spine and friction plate are small under temperature force and can meet the requirements of engineering application. (4) The relevant research results are helj^ful to the design of CRTS ! slab track.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 33-39 [Abstract] ( 2688 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2498 )

Railway and Rail

	36	Analysis of the Static Monitoring Data for CWR on High - speed Railway Bridge
		ZHANG Peng - fei1，LEI Xiao - yan2，GAO Liang1，LIU Qing - jie2
		Abstract：Research purposes： The force of tlie bridge CWR is very complex，therefore the safeties of high - speed train running on the bridge become a widespread concern issue. In order to acquire the force and deformation of the line in real time，a remote monitoring system for CWR on high - speed railway bridge is built and applied to the Beijing - Hangzliou Canal Bridge on Beijing - Shanghai high - speed railway， and a long - term testing dada on rail temperature， air temperature， track slab temperature and temperature force are analyzed， the change rules of temperature and rail temperature force during the test period are revealed. Research conclusions:(1 ) The air temperature， rail temperature and track temperature have the same change witli time，and showing increased first and then decreased trend in one day. (2 ) The highest rail temperature is higher 11.06 B than the highest air temperature，and the lowest rail temperature is lower 4. 86 B than the lowest temperature during the test period. ( 3 ) The slab temperature difference within one day decreases with the increasing depth of slab， and there is a temperature gradient inside the track slab. (4) The temperature force at each measuring point has a consistent trend over time，the maximum tension force induced by temperature occurred at about 6 ：00 a. m. ，and the maximum compression force induced by temperature occurs around 2 ：00 p. m. The larger magnitude that rail temperature changes with，the greater temperature force inside the rail, and the maximum temperature force reaches 230. 75 kN. (1) The system with stable performance，data collection and transmission is capable of meeting the needs of long - term，remote，real - time monitoring the CWR on high - speed railway. (6) The research results have reference value for the remote monitoring of high - speed railway CWR in our country.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 36-40 [Abstract] ( 3431 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (902 KB) ( 2516 )

	40	Analysis of the Static Monitoring Data for CWR on High - speed Railway Bridge
		ZHANG Peng - fei1，LEI Xiao - yan2，GAO Liang1，LIU Qing - jie2
		Abstract：Research purposes： The force of tlie bridge CWR is very complex，therefore the safeties of high - speed train running on the bridge become a widespread concern issue. In order to acquire the force and deformation of the line in real time，a remote monitoring system for CWR on high - speed railway bridge is built and applied to the Beijing - Hangzliou Canal Bridge on Beijing - Shanghai high - speed railway， and a long - term testing dada on rail temperature， air temperature， track slab temperature and temperature force are analyzed， the change rules of temperature and rail temperature force during the test period are revealed. Research conclusions:(1 ) The air temperature， rail temperature and track temperature have the same change witli time，and showing increased first and then decreased trend in one day. (2 ) The highest rail temperature is higher 11.06 B than the highest air temperature，and the lowest rail temperature is lower 4. 86 B than the lowest temperature during the test period. ( 3 ) The slab temperature difference within one day decreases with the increasing depth of slab， and there is a temperature gradient inside the track slab. (4) The temperature force at each measuring point has a consistent trend over time，the maximum tension force induced by temperature occurred at about 6 ：00 a. m. ，and the maximum compression force induced by temperature occurs around 2 ：00 p. m. The larger magnitude that rail temperature changes with，the greater temperature force inside the rail, and the maximum temperature force reaches 230. 75 kN. (1) The system with stable performance，data collection and transmission is capable of meeting the needs of long - term，remote，real - time monitoring the CWR on high - speed railway. (6) The research results have reference value for the remote monitoring of high - speed railway CWR in our country.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 40-44 [Abstract] ( 2973 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2455 )

	41	Research on the Track Quality Index and Its Application in High Speed Railway Dynamic Acceptance ^Hot!
		LI Guo – qing
		Abstract：Research purposes： Before opening the high speed railway in China，the completion acceptance including dynamic acceptance is necessary， and the track geometry status is the key content of the dynamic acceptance. Track quality index (TQI) is the average quality to evaluate track segments by using statistical characteristic value，and it is the important index to evaluate the state of the track geometry，too. This paper evaluates the track geometry quality of high - speed railway by analyzing the track quality index of opening high speed railway over the years in China and summarizing track geometric quality assessment methods and standards at home and abroad. Research conclusions ：( 1) The TQI can satisfy the requirements of relevant acceptance criteria on those opening high speed railways in China. (2) With the improvement of railway construction and the fine adjustment and finishing technology in some operation departments，and with the enrichment of the ability and experience，track geometry quality continues to improve，and the TQI of high speed railway built in recent years is generally superior to the same level lines built earlier. ( 3 ) For high speed railway，it is suggested that the track quality index acceptance criteria corresponding the amplitude and the wavelength are complemented. (4) The research results have significance for track condition acceptance of tlie high - speed railway.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 41-45 [Abstract] ( 2755 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (825 KB) ( 2480 )

	45	Research on the Track Quality Index and Its Application in High Speed Railway Dynamic Acceptance ^Hot!
		LI Guo – qing
		Abstract：Research purposes： Before opening the high speed railway in China，the completion acceptance including dynamic acceptance is necessary， and the track geometry status is the key content of the dynamic acceptance. Track quality index (TQI) is the average quality to evaluate track segments by using statistical characteristic value，and it is the important index to evaluate the state of the track geometry，too. This paper evaluates the track geometry quality of high - speed railway by analyzing the track quality index of opening high speed railway over the years in China and summarizing track geometric quality assessment methods and standards at home and abroad. Research conclusions ：( 1) The TQI can satisfy the requirements of relevant acceptance criteria on those opening high speed railways in China. (2) With the improvement of railway construction and the fine adjustment and finishing technology in some operation departments，and with the enrichment of the ability and experience，track geometry quality continues to improve，and the TQI of high speed railway built in recent years is generally superior to the same level lines built earlier. ( 3 ) For high speed railway，it is suggested that the track quality index acceptance criteria corresponding the amplitude and the wavelength are complemented. (4) The research results have significance for track condition acceptance of tlie high - speed railway.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 45-50 [Abstract] ( 2647 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2429 )

	46	Experimental Research on the Fatigue Behavior Test of CRTS III Slab Track
		LIU Xue - yi1，LIU Dan1，ZHAO Ping - rui，HUANG Lin2
		Abstract:Research purposes: CRTS III slab track is one of the main non - ballasted track type used in Chinese high speed railways. But at present，a little research has been devoted to the analysis of tlieir fatigue behavior. In order to research the fatigue characteristic of CRTS III slab track under temperature and train load，based on the load character of slab track，the 5 million cycle fatigue prototype test of CRTS III slab track witli pre - tensioning and post - tensioning prestressed slab was simultaneously conducted in this paper. The deformation of track components and the stress of slab was tested under the environmental temperature and cyclic train loading， at the same time，the change of cavity height beneath the track slab with the increased cyclic numberwas monitored in this experiment. Research conclusions ：( 1) The environment temperature has some influence on the vertical deformation of rail，while it has a significant influence on the vertical deformation at the end of slab，at a distance of 1/4 slab length from the end of slab，at the end of roadbed and the stress of slab. (2) With the increase of cyclic number of train loading，the stress of track slab，the vertical deformation of slab and roadbed both decrease in different degree. (3) The height of the cavity beneath the track slab changes slightly when the train load cycle number is less than 625 000，then it will distinctively increase witli the increased cycle number. (4 ) Comparing witli the post - tensioning prestressed slab track ； the influence of temperature and train load on the vertical deformation of slab ； the stress of slab and the cavity height beneatli the track slab is more significant for CRTS III slab track witli pre - tensioning slab. (5) The research results can provide the experimental basis for the design and maintenance of the CRTS III slab track.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 46-49 [Abstract] ( 2836 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1162 KB) ( 2485 )

Bridge Engineering

	50	Numerical Simulation and Test Analysis of Three - dimensional Solar Temperature Field of Hollow Tall - piers with Rounded Rectangular Cross Section
		DAI Gong - lisin1，TANG Yu1，LIU Yong2，SU Hai - ting1
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Thehollowtall - piers with rounded rectangular cross section of high - speed railways have temperature gradient under the influence of solar radiation. When the temperature gradient and the height of pier exceed the limit，it will influence the safety and comfort of high - speed railways in operation because of t!ie temperature stress and displacement at piers. To determine the changing law of the temperature field and deformations for tall - piers，the three - dimensional finite element model of tall - piers was constructed， and field test of tall - piers temperature field was completed. Taking 68 m tall - piers as an example，the characteristic of tiie temperature gradients in the longitudinal and transverse bridge directions and the deformation effect under the solar radiation was investigated. Research conclusions:(1) The temperatures along the direction of wall thickness are in negative exponential function distribution，the influence depth of temperature is about 0. 60 m. (2) The temperatures on the vertical surface of the tall - piers accorded with function distribution. (3) The maximum displacements of a tall - pier at the pier top result from the temperature gradients occur at 18 ：00. It is hopeful that the findings from this study provide the temperature field of 18 ：00 as the control loads to calculation the deformation of a bridge. (4) The internal and external surface of tall - piers exist tensile stress ； it is hopeful to remind the designer of enhancing the rebar of tall - piers to ensure crack resistance and safety. (5 ) The research results can provide a reference for design and construction of tall - piers.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 50-53 [Abstract] ( 2802 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1023 KB) ( 2513 )

Railway and Rail

	51	Experimental Research on the Fatigue Behavior Test of CRTS III Slab Track
		LIU Xue - yi1，LIU Dan1，ZHAO Ping - rui，HUANG Lin2
		Abstract:Research purposes: CRTS III slab track is one of the main non - ballasted track type used in Chinese high speed railways. But at present，a little research has been devoted to the analysis of tlieir fatigue behavior. In order to research the fatigue characteristic of CRTS III slab track under temperature and train load，based on the load character of slab track，the 5 million cycle fatigue prototype test of CRTS III slab track witli pre - tensioning and post - tensioning prestressed slab was simultaneously conducted in this paper. The deformation of track components and the stress of slab was tested under the environmental temperature and cyclic train loading， at the same time，the change of cavity height beneath the track slab with the increased cyclic numberwas monitored in this experiment. Research conclusions ：( 1) The environment temperature has some influence on the vertical deformation of rail，while it has a significant influence on the vertical deformation at the end of slab，at a distance of 1/4 slab length from the end of slab，at the end of roadbed and the stress of slab. (2) With the increase of cyclic number of train loading，the stress of track slab，the vertical deformation of slab and roadbed both decrease in different degree. (3) The height of the cavity beneath the track slab changes slightly when the train load cycle number is less than 625 000，then it will distinctively increase witli the increased cycle number. (4 ) Comparing witli the post - tensioning prestressed slab track ； the influence of temperature and train load on the vertical deformation of slab ； the stress of slab and the cavity height beneatli the track slab is more significant for CRTS III slab track witli pre - tensioning slab. (5) The research results can provide the experimental basis for the design and maintenance of the CRTS III slab track.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 51-56 [Abstract] ( 2744 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2486 )

Bridge Engineering

	54	Performance Influence of Train Dri'^ing on Shanghai - Nantong Yangtze River Bridge Considering Additional Deformation
		LI Xiao - zhen1，XIAO Jun1，LIU De - jun1，LIU Zhen - jie2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Taking Shanghai - Nantong super - long - span (142 + 462 + 1092 + 462 + 142) m highway and railway cable - stayed bridge as an engineering background， the additional deformation induced by the upper highway live load and temperature effect was considered in the analysis of process of train - track - bridge coupling system to assess the impact to performance of running train. By comparing the vehicle bridge dynamic response indexes under tlie condition of various additional deformation，the impact to traffic performance was evaluated. Research conclusions ：( 1) Transverse displacement of the bridge under the additional deformation induced by live loads of highway was almost unchanged， as it increased from 6. 453 mm to 7. 332 mm under the additional deformation of temperature difference，rising by about 14；. (2) Vertical displacement of the bridge under various additional deformation has almost no change. ( 3 ) When considering various kinds of additional deformation， the derailment coefficient，the wheel unloading rate，the vertical and lateral acceleration and riding index of tlie driving train had barely changed，but under the effect of 10 E temperature difference，the wheel/rail force increased form 18. 552 kN to 19. 371 kN. (4) The researdi results could provide references for engineering design of super - long - span highway - railway cable - stayed bridge.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 54-58 [Abstract] ( 2664 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1257 KB) ( 2434 )

	57	Numerical Simulation and Test Analysis of Three - dimensional Solar Temperature Field of Hollow Tall - piers with Rounded Rectangular Cross Section
		DAI Gong - lisin1，TANG Yu1，LIU Yong2，SU Hai - ting1
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Thehollowtall - piers with rounded rectangular cross section of high - speed railways have temperature gradient under the influence of solar radiation. When the temperature gradient and the height of pier exceed the limit，it will influence the safety and comfort of high - speed railways in operation because of t!ie temperature stress and displacement at piers. To determine the changing law of the temperature field and deformations for tall - piers，the three - dimensional finite element model of tall - piers was constructed， and field test of tall - piers temperature field was completed. Taking 68 m tall - piers as an example，the characteristic of tiie temperature gradients in the longitudinal and transverse bridge directions and the deformation effect under the solar radiation was investigated. Research conclusions:(1) The temperatures along the direction of wall thickness are in negative exponential function distribution，the influence depth of temperature is about 0. 60 m. (2) The temperatures on the vertical surface of the tall - piers accorded with function distribution. (3) The maximum displacements of a tall - pier at the pier top result from the temperature gradients occur at 18 ：00. It is hopeful that the findings from this study provide the temperature field of 18 ：00 as the control loads to calculation the deformation of a bridge. (4) The internal and external surface of tall - piers exist tensile stress ； it is hopeful to remind the designer of enhancing the rebar of tall - piers to ensure crack resistance and safety. (5 ) The research results can provide a reference for design and construction of tall - piers.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 57-62 [Abstract] ( 2724 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2564 )

	59	Experimental Researchonthe Fatigue Properties of High – strengthBars ^Hot!
		XU Sheng - qiao，LIN Hui
		Abstract ：Research purposes： Current Chinese design specifications lack of fatigue design parameters of high - strengtli bars， which is not conducive to popularization and application of high - strengtli bars in the railway engineering. To implement the national industrial policy，realize high - strength bars technical and economic performance and provide technical support for standards， railway engineering application of high - strengthi bars was studied. Two production processes( micro - alloyed and fine - grained)，two levels of intensity(400 MPa and 500 MPa)，four diameters(16 mm， 20 mm，25 mm and 32 mm) high - strength bars were studied. Fatigue performance test of high - strength bars base material and connecting joints was carried out，as the number of fatigue test for cycles 10= times. Research conclusions ：( 1) After the dynamic calibration measures，comparative tests of base material and connecting joints showthat there was no significant difference between the high - frequency fatigue testing machine test results and the low - frequency fatigue testing machine test results，high - frequency fatigue testing machine could be used to test high - strength bars. (2) The gripping end processing method of high - strength bars base material and connecting joints was mastered which solved the technical problems of high - strength bars fatigue specimen grij) end easily broken ；avoided custom high - strength bars fatigue specimens ； achieved a random sample of high - strength bars fatigue specimens. (3 ) By a large number of test data statistical analysis ； research presented p - " - ： curve equation and fatigue resistance of high strength bars base material and flash butt welding，arc welding，straight thread connecting joints ； stress cycles was taken as 10 times. It provided the basis for the use of the high - strength bars. (4) According to the characteristics of 10 high fatigue life region，double logarithmic bilinear methods for data analysis，and considering the confidence，guaranteed rate and other factors curves for diferent sample conditions， statistics reflect the characteristics of high - strengtli bars fatigue specimens，to sum up the high - strengtli bars fatigue resistance test results provide a theoretical basis. (5 ) Study proposed railway projects of high - strengtli bars concrete structure design requirements. High - strengthi bars fatigue bearing capacity calculation methiod take into account thie effect of stress ratio， diameter， strength level，fatigue damage，fatigue type of construction details. Stress amplitude was calculated in the form of specifications consistent wit!i the international mainstream. (6 ) The research results will be widely used in the design of concrete structures.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 59-64 [Abstract] ( 2681 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (875 KB) ( 2460 )

	63	Performance Influence of Train Dri'^ing on Shanghai - Nantong Yangtze River Bridge Considering Additional Deformation
		LI Xiao - zhen1，XIAO Jun1，LIU De - jun1，LIU Zhen - jie2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Taking Shanghai - Nantong super - long - span (142 + 462 + 1092 + 462 + 142) m highway and railway cable - stayed bridge as an engineering background， the additional deformation induced by the upper highway live load and temperature effect was considered in the analysis of process of train - track - bridge coupling system to assess the impact to performance of running train. By comparing the vehicle bridge dynamic response indexes under tlie condition of various additional deformation，the impact to traffic performance was evaluated. Research conclusions ：( 1) Transverse displacement of the bridge under the additional deformation induced by live loads of highway was almost unchanged， as it increased from 6. 453 mm to 7. 332 mm under the additional deformation of temperature difference，rising by about 14；. (2) Vertical displacement of the bridge under various additional deformation has almost no change. ( 3 ) When considering various kinds of additional deformation， the derailment coefficient，the wheel unloading rate，the vertical and lateral acceleration and riding index of tlie driving train had barely changed，but under the effect of 10 E temperature difference，the wheel/rail force increased form 18. 552 kN to 19. 371 kN. (4) The researdi results could provide references for engineering design of super - long - span highway - railway cable - stayed bridge.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 63-68 [Abstract] ( 2666 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2435 )

	65	The Cross - sectional Box - girder Construction of Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge by 3 000 t - level Movable Scaffolding System
		XUHong1，GUO Min1，ZHANG Lin2，DENG Mei - bin2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Aimming at the dificult problem that the span crossing， model switching and construction joint setting of MSS ( movable scaffolding system)， based on a bridge， the under - deck MSS ( movable scaffolding system) is developed to construct the bridge. The construction joints are setted by finite - element analysis and a set of safe，reliable and automatic construction technology of MSS is developed. Research conclusions ：( 1) The under-deck MSS( movable scaffolding system) witli standard span of 60 m，maximum casting length 72 m and the carrying capacity of 3 000 t is developed and used successfully. (2) A safety， high efficiency and precision preloading of movable formwork is achived by using the equivalent load combination. ( 3 ) Based on the finite element simulation analysis，the construction joint of box girder is determined to prevent cracking of beam body effectively. (4) The hydraulic and electric control system is used to realize the model rising，falling，opening and closing automatically. (5) The mobile device of MSS main beam is develeped to realize in rapid and successful crossing span. (6)The research result has a better guidance for the bridge construction by MSS.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 65-69 [Abstract] ( 2709 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1143 KB) ( 2448 )

	69	Experimental Researchonthe Fatigue Properties of High – strengthBars ^Hot!
		XU Sheng - qiao，LIN Hui
		Abstract ：Research purposes： Current Chinese design specifications lack of fatigue design parameters of high - strengtli bars， which is not conducive to popularization and application of high - strengtli bars in the railway engineering. To implement the national industrial policy，realize high - strength bars technical and economic performance and provide technical support for standards， railway engineering application of high - strengthi bars was studied. Two production processes( micro - alloyed and fine - grained)，two levels of intensity(400 MPa and 500 MPa)，four diameters(16 mm， 20 mm，25 mm and 32 mm) high - strength bars were studied. Fatigue performance test of high - strength bars base material and connecting joints was carried out，as the number of fatigue test for cycles 10= times. Research conclusions ：( 1) After the dynamic calibration measures，comparative tests of base material and connecting joints showthat there was no significant difference between the high - frequency fatigue testing machine test results and the low - frequency fatigue testing machine test results，high - frequency fatigue testing machine could be used to test high - strength bars. (2) The gripping end processing method of high - strength bars base material and connecting joints was mastered which solved the technical problems of high - strength bars fatigue specimen grij) end easily broken ；avoided custom high - strength bars fatigue specimens ； achieved a random sample of high - strength bars fatigue specimens. (3 ) By a large number of test data statistical analysis ； research presented p - " - ： curve equation and fatigue resistance of high strength bars base material and flash butt welding，arc welding，straight thread connecting joints ； stress cycles was taken as 10 times. It provided the basis for the use of the high - strength bars. (4) According to the characteristics of 10 high fatigue life region，double logarithmic bilinear methods for data analysis，and considering the confidence，guaranteed rate and other factors curves for diferent sample conditions， statistics reflect the characteristics of high - strengtli bars fatigue specimens，to sum up the high - strengtli bars fatigue resistance test results provide a theoretical basis. (5 ) Study proposed railway projects of high - strengtli bars concrete structure design requirements. High - strengthi bars fatigue bearing capacity calculation methiod take into account thie effect of stress ratio， diameter， strength level，fatigue damage，fatigue type of construction details. Stress amplitude was calculated in the form of specifications consistent wit!i the international mainstream. (6 ) The research results will be widely used in the design of concrete structures.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 69-74 [Abstract] ( 3278 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2470 )

	70	Research on the Construction Crack Resistance of Large - span Box Girder Bridge
		WANG Jian - qun1，FANG Zhi2，LIU Jie3，ZUO Yi4，MA Zhan - fei5
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The early crack during construction stage is very widespread for large span prestressed concrete box girder bridges. These cracks which have adverse effects on the safety operation and durability for bridge， should be controlled in the construction stage. Based on the North Beach Bridge of Jingyue Yangtze River Highway Bridge，studyin order to effectively control thecracks in theconcrete box girder construction with experimental research，theoretical analysis and construction practice aiming at the structural characteristics of thin walled box girder is carried out. Research conclusions ：( 1) Based on experimental research and theoretical analysis，the development law of hydration heat，the reasonable prestress tension age， corrugated pipe and grouting technology of the Nortli Beach Bridge are ascertained. (2) The mix ratio of concrete is optimized and the quality of raw materials is guaranteed， concrete construction process and maintenance details is attached great importance to ； the hydration heat is controlled ； the effective prestress and prestress tension age is ensured ； and the prestress corrugated pipe and grouting material is optimized. The crack resistance system throughout the design, construction； monitoring and management of the whole process is developed. (3) No crack is found in Beach Bridge in the third party acceptance. It is shown that the crack control system can efectively prevent tlie early cracks for large span PC box girder bridges. The engineering experiences can provide references for similar bridge engineering projects.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 70-75 [Abstract] ( 3491 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1208 KB) ( 2446 )

	75	The Cross - sectional Box - girder Construction of Continuous Rigid Frame Bridge by 3 000 t - level Movable Scaffolding System
		XUHong1，GUO Min1，ZHANG Lin2，DENG Mei - bin2
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Aimming at the dificult problem that the span crossing， model switching and construction joint setting of MSS ( movable scaffolding system)， based on a bridge， the under - deck MSS ( movable scaffolding system) is developed to construct the bridge. The construction joints are setted by finite - element analysis and a set of safe，reliable and automatic construction technology of MSS is developed. Research conclusions ：( 1) The under-deck MSS( movable scaffolding system) witli standard span of 60 m，maximum casting length 72 m and the carrying capacity of 3 000 t is developed and used successfully. (2) A safety， high efficiency and precision preloading of movable formwork is achived by using the equivalent load combination. ( 3 ) Based on the finite element simulation analysis，the construction joint of box girder is determined to prevent cracking of beam body effectively. (4) The hydraulic and electric control system is used to realize the model rising，falling，opening and closing automatically. (5) The mobile device of MSS main beam is develeped to realize in rapid and successful crossing span. (6)The research result has a better guidance for the bridge construction by MSS.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 75-80 [Abstract] ( 3196 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2520 )

Tunnel Engineering

	76	Research on the Deformation Mechanism Model Test of Tunnel - Landslide Parallel System
		WU Hong - gang1，CHEN Xiao - yun2，AI Hui3
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The landslide in railway route selection is often unavoidable， when the tunnel to be consistent with the direction of the landslide main slide，it was called tunnel - landslide parallel system，which is the serious threat to the construction and operation of tunnel. At present，tunnel design and construction crossing landslide has not yet formed a unified understanding and standard，there is no complete theory of computation. This paper takes the tunnel - landslide parallel system for the study，sets up three tunnel models with different depths by model tests to simulate tunnel excavation process，and promotes the slope creeping by loading in the rear，arranges the strain gages around the tunnel to monitor and analyze the tunnel strain，arranges dial indicator to monitor the displacement in slope su;face. Research conclusions ：( 1) Strain tests show that ： in the parallel system，the larger the tunnel depth is，the smaller the impact of tlie release of tlie stress on the top of tlie slope of tlie tunnel after tunnel excavation is; Witli increasing depth, the strain of the tunnel increases. (2) 6ie tests of disj)lacement siow tiat： te level displacement at te junction of bedrock and landslides is te largest. Tiie maximumvertical displacement of te point of a Hll is in te middle portion of die tunnel entrance and bedrock. ( 3 ) Tie comparison siiows tat: wiien te tunnel - landslide system extends into te smaller body lengtii, te tunnel force mode is closer to te rod - siiaped stress structure of botii ends of te iiinge; wiien inserted into te larger lengt，te force mode of tunnel is more close to te cantilevered structure. Stress concentration is prone to produce in tie interface location of bedrock and sli(ier. ( 4) Tie rsearcii can provide a reference for te design and construction of iigi - speed railway tunnel across tie areas of landslide.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 76-81 [Abstract] ( 2641 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (935 KB) ( 2463 )

Bridge Engineering

	81	Research on the Construction Crack Resistance of Large - span Box Girder Bridge
		WANG Jian - qun1，FANG Zhi2，LIU Jie3，ZUO Yi4，MA Zhan - fei5
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The early crack during construction stage is very widespread for large span prestressed concrete box girder bridges. These cracks which have adverse effects on the safety operation and durability for bridge， should be controlled in the construction stage. Based on the North Beach Bridge of Jingyue Yangtze River Highway Bridge，studyin order to effectively control thecracks in theconcrete box girder construction with experimental research，theoretical analysis and construction practice aiming at the structural characteristics of thin walled box girder is carried out. Research conclusions ：( 1) Based on experimental research and theoretical analysis，the development law of hydration heat，the reasonable prestress tension age， corrugated pipe and grouting technology of the Nortli Beach Bridge are ascertained. (2) The mix ratio of concrete is optimized and the quality of raw materials is guaranteed， concrete construction process and maintenance details is attached great importance to ； the hydration heat is controlled ； the effective prestress and prestress tension age is ensured ； and the prestress corrugated pipe and grouting material is optimized. The crack resistance system throughout the design, construction； monitoring and management of the whole process is developed. (3) No crack is found in Beach Bridge in the third party acceptance. It is shown that the crack control system can efectively prevent tlie early cracks for large span PC box girder bridges. The engineering experiences can provide references for similar bridge engineering projects.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 81-86 [Abstract] ( 2597 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2514 )

Tunnel Engineering

	82	Air Volume Calculation Metliod for Discharge of Smog Induced by Tunnel Drilling and Blasting Based on PC - STEL Standard ^Hot!
		YANG Li - xin
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The air volume and time needed for discharge of smog induced by tunnel drilling and blasting construction are the keys to tunnel construction ventilation design. The popular air volume calculation formula for discharge of smog is mainly based upon MAC standard，and there is no case about PC - STEL standard. As a result， analysis and study are made on air volume calculation using PC - STEL standard. Research conclusions ：( 1) The air volume calculation formula based on PC - STEL standard is diferent from that based on MAC standard，and the calculation result based on PC - STEL standard is smaller tlian that based on MAC standard under same conditions，and is beneficial to energy conservation. (2) The air volume calculation formulas for different ventilation modes(i. e. air - supply mode，air - discharge mode and mixing mode)，are different when using PC - STEL standard. (3) The research results can provide reference for tunnel construction ventilation and design，to promote the application of national standards.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 82-86 [Abstract] ( 2630 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (608 KB) ( 2466 )

	87	Research on the Deformation Mechanism Model Test of Tunnel - Landslide Parallel System
		WU Hong - gang1，CHEN Xiao - yun2，AI Hui3
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The landslide in railway route selection is often unavoidable， when the tunnel to be consistent with the direction of the landslide main slide，it was called tunnel - landslide parallel system，which is the serious threat to the construction and operation of tunnel. At present，tunnel design and construction crossing landslide has not yet formed a unified understanding and standard，there is no complete theory of computation. This paper takes the tunnel - landslide parallel system for the study，sets up three tunnel models with different depths by model tests to simulate tunnel excavation process，and promotes the slope creeping by loading in the rear，arranges the strain gages around the tunnel to monitor and analyze the tunnel strain，arranges dial indicator to monitor the displacement in slope su;face. Research conclusions ：( 1) Strain tests show that ： in the parallel system，the larger the tunnel depth is，the smaller the impact of tlie release of tlie stress on the top of tlie slope of tlie tunnel after tunnel excavation is; Witli increasing depth, the strain of the tunnel increases. (2) 6ie tests of disj)lacement siow tiat： te level displacement at te junction of bedrock and landslides is te largest. Tiie maximumvertical displacement of te point of a Hll is in te middle portion of die tunnel entrance and bedrock. ( 3 ) Tie comparison siiows tat: wiien te tunnel - landslide system extends into te smaller body lengtii, te tunnel force mode is closer to te rod - siiaped stress structure of botii ends of te iiinge; wiien inserted into te larger lengt，te force mode of tunnel is more close to te cantilevered structure. Stress concentration is prone to produce in tie interface location of bedrock and sli(ier. ( 4) Tie rsearcii can provide a reference for te design and construction of iigi - speed railway tunnel across tie areas of landslide.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 87-91 [Abstract] ( 2646 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2441 )

	91	Analysis of Railway Tunnel Portal Section Thermal - humidity Failure in High Temperature and High Humidity
		CHEN Wen – hua
		Abstract ： Resarch purposs ： The railway tunnel portal section is induced by long term thermal - humidity stress in high temperature and high humidity in the south China， surrounding rock and lining structure s physical - mechanical properties will be degraded or weaken by thermal - humidity stress and to influence safety and life of tunnel structure. Based on the theory and model analysis，combined witli field test research，this paper got tlie disease thermal - humidity mechanism of tunnel portal section，to provide the theory basis for disease treatment for tlie portal section of tunnel under high temperature and high humidity environment. This study is lack at present. Research conclusions ：( 1) Based on incremental theoryand humidity - stress theorr，incremental constitutive equations of rock elasticity - plastic deformation produced by high temperature and high humidity were built， and thermal - humidity stress equations were deduced. (2) Based on a certain tunnel field monitorng data， the temperature field， humidity field of surrounding rock and thermal - humidity stress and seasonal changes were analyzed，the influence of different thickness and thermal conductivity coefficient of rock and lining on thermal - humidity stress was studied. (3 ) The radial infuence depth of thermal - humidity stress in rock is more than 3 meters，the distribution and develop ruleof thermal - humidity stress and cumulative effects were fund. (4) This research result will provide the basis for structure design and disease treatment of tunnel entrance in high temperature and high humidity areas.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 91-94 [Abstract] ( 2672 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (544 KB) ( 2474 )

	92	Air Volume Calculation Metliod for Discharge of Smog Induced by Tunnel Drilling and Blasting Based on PC - STEL Standard ^Hot!
		YANG Li - xin
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： The air volume and time needed for discharge of smog induced by tunnel drilling and blasting construction are the keys to tunnel construction ventilation design. The popular air volume calculation formula for discharge of smog is mainly based upon MAC standard，and there is no case about PC - STEL standard. As a result， analysis and study are made on air volume calculation using PC - STEL standard. Research conclusions ：( 1) The air volume calculation formula based on PC - STEL standard is diferent from that based on MAC standard，and the calculation result based on PC - STEL standard is smaller tlian that based on MAC standard under same conditions，and is beneficial to energy conservation. (2) The air volume calculation formulas for different ventilation modes(i. e. air - supply mode，air - discharge mode and mixing mode)，are different when using PC - STEL standard. (3) The research results can provide reference for tunnel construction ventilation and design，to promote the application of national standards.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 92-96 [Abstract] ( 2852 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2455 )

Urban Rail Construction

	95	Experimental Research on the Microstructure of Thawed Soil after the Sub?way Construction of Freezing Metliod ^Hot!
		DING Zhi1，ZHANG Meng - ya2，WEI Xin -jiang1，HONG Qi - hao1，ZHENG Yong1
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Freezing method is applied to the construction of cross passage of metro tunnel in coastal soft soil area， which highlights its good sealing performance， high strength and other advantages. However， in the construction of metro tunnel with freezing method，the freeze - thaw circulation will affect tlie engineering properties of soil. The further study on dynamic properties of frozen - thawed soil is necessary. Based on the freezing method construction of the subway connecting passage，this paper scanned the microstructure of artificial frozen - thawed soil through electron microscope，qualitatively described the pore characteristics of the microstructure，particle characteristics and structure mode of connection of tlie saturated frost - thawed soft soil，and analyzed the pore diameter，pore area， and otlier microstructure parameters of artificial frozen - thawed soft soil under microstructure based on Image - Pro Plus analysis software . Research conclusions ：( 1) After the freezing and thawing，the content of micropores decreased，the number of larger pore size increased， surface porosity ratio had developing trend; after freezing and thawing，the pore structure of soft soil became more complex， the performance of the average pore fractal dimension increased. (2) With reduction of the freezing temperature and increase of freezing thawing cycles，the inter - particle pore volume increased, the flocculent structure was more obvious, the role of structural connection had a certain degree of weakening. (3 ) The macroscopic dynamic characteristics can be explained from the microcosmic angle, which can provide the basis for controlling long term settlement after the construction of freezing method.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 95-100 [Abstract] ( 3001 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1392 KB) ( 2507 )

Tunnel Engineering

	97	Prediction Analysis of Surrounding Rock Collapse in Soft Rock Tunnel by Cusp Catastrophe
		XU Hai - qing1，CHEN Liang2，WANG Wei3，CHEN Jian - ping3
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Tunnel collapse accidents often cause major property and economic losses， and even endanger the safety of the tunnel construction personnel. The prediction of tunnel collapse has been a diicult problem in tunnel engineering，and the research on the collapse of soft rock tunnel at home and abroad is less. Soft rock tunnel collapse experiences a process from instantaneous strain to creep to sudden failure，with sudden and uncertainty. Therefore，the prediction of surrounding rock collapse of soft rock tunnel is studid，in order to avoid collapse. Research conclusions ：( 1) Taking the collapse accident of tlie tunnel of Shifang highway as the engineering background， the catastrophe model of soft rock tunnel is established，which is based on the cusp catastrophe theory. The criterion of instability of surrounding rock is deduced. (2) Combined with monitoring data of tunnel，the prediction model of cusp catastrophe instability is verified，and the stability of tunnel surrounding rock can be judged by the prediction model. The calculated time of tunnel collapse is 48. 045 d，which is in good agreement witli the actual time of 49 d. ( 3 ) The research results can predict tlie time of collapse of soft rock in actual engineering，in order to avoid the accident and to provide the basis for the corresponding measures.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 97-101 [Abstract] ( 2608 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2505 )

Urban Rail Construction

	101	Risli Control Technology for Shield Tunneling Posture Instability under the Water with High Pressure
		ZHOU Cheng，TAO Ye，YANG Jun
		Abstract ：Research purposes： In this paper，water under high pressure environment，a practical engineering tunneling shield origination process background Shield instability problems for slurry shield the originating process under the geological conditions in the prone，from the control to adjust cylinder pressure，increase the amount of grouting，timely corrective shield and other aspects，summarizes proposed a slurry shield instability originating attitude control technology to provide reference for similar projects. Research conclusions ： ( 1 ) During the excavation of earth pressure， force， torque，and other major tunneling parameters continuously analyzed and summarized，timely adjustment of control parameters and reasonable control in the normal range，to ensure normal tunneling shield. (2) Ensure the accuracy and the risk of continuous observation of the monitoring data that will appear on its construction process detected a continuity of good feedback， and allow field personnel to take timely action，can effectively avoid the danger happened. (3) Review of several parameters such as shield and reserve the tube sheet to install certain degree of freedom， and then to ensure that each ring of shield tunneling to achieve the desired objectives. (4) The proposed departure time for slurry shield shield instability control of the control program can give a reference for similar projects.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 101-105 [Abstract] ( 2776 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (1287 KB) ( 2490 )

Tunnel Engineering

	102	Analysis of Railway Tunnel Portal Section Thermal - humidity Failure in High Temperature and High Humidity
		CHEN Wen – hua
		Abstract ： Resarch purposs ： The railway tunnel portal section is induced by long term thermal - humidity stress in high temperature and high humidity in the south China， surrounding rock and lining structure s physical - mechanical properties will be degraded or weaken by thermal - humidity stress and to influence safety and life of tunnel structure. Based on the theory and model analysis，combined witli field test research，this paper got tlie disease thermal - humidity mechanism of tunnel portal section，to provide the theory basis for disease treatment for tlie portal section of tunnel under high temperature and high humidity environment. This study is lack at present. Research conclusions ：( 1) Based on incremental theoryand humidity - stress theorr，incremental constitutive equations of rock elasticity - plastic deformation produced by high temperature and high humidity were built， and thermal - humidity stress equations were deduced. (2) Based on a certain tunnel field monitorng data， the temperature field， humidity field of surrounding rock and thermal - humidity stress and seasonal changes were analyzed，the influence of different thickness and thermal conductivity coefficient of rock and lining on thermal - humidity stress was studied. (3 ) The radial infuence depth of thermal - humidity stress in rock is more than 3 meters，the distribution and develop ruleof thermal - humidity stress and cumulative effects were fund. (4) This research result will provide the basis for structure design and disease treatment of tunnel entrance in high temperature and high humidity areas.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 102-105 [Abstract] ( 2692 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2518 )

Urban Rail Construction

	106	Experimental Research on the Microstructure of Thawed Soil after the Sub?way Construction of Freezing Metliod ^Hot!
		DING Zhi1，ZHANG Meng - ya2，WEI Xin -jiang1，HONG Qi - hao1，ZHENG Yong1
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： Freezing method is applied to the construction of cross passage of metro tunnel in coastal soft soil area， which highlights its good sealing performance， high strength and other advantages. However， in the construction of metro tunnel with freezing method，the freeze - thaw circulation will affect tlie engineering properties of soil. The further study on dynamic properties of frozen - thawed soil is necessary. Based on the freezing method construction of the subway connecting passage，this paper scanned the microstructure of artificial frozen - thawed soil through electron microscope，qualitatively described the pore characteristics of the microstructure，particle characteristics and structure mode of connection of tlie saturated frost - thawed soft soil，and analyzed the pore diameter，pore area， and otlier microstructure parameters of artificial frozen - thawed soft soil under microstructure based on Image - Pro Plus analysis software . Research conclusions ：( 1) After the freezing and thawing，the content of micropores decreased，the number of larger pore size increased， surface porosity ratio had developing trend; after freezing and thawing，the pore structure of soft soil became more complex， the performance of the average pore fractal dimension increased. (2) With reduction of the freezing temperature and increase of freezing thawing cycles，the inter - particle pore volume increased, the flocculent structure was more obvious, the role of structural connection had a certain degree of weakening. (3 ) The macroscopic dynamic characteristics can be explained from the microcosmic angle, which can provide the basis for controlling long term settlement after the construction of freezing method.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 106-112 [Abstract] ( 2695 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2456 )

	113	Risli Control Technology for Shield Tunneling Posture Instability under the Water with High Pressure
		ZHOU Cheng，TAO Ye，YANG Jun
		Abstract ：Research purposes： In this paper，water under high pressure environment，a practical engineering tunneling shield origination process background Shield instability problems for slurry shield the originating process under the geological conditions in the prone，from the control to adjust cylinder pressure，increase the amount of grouting，timely corrective shield and other aspects，summarizes proposed a slurry shield instability originating attitude control technology to provide reference for similar projects. Research conclusions ： ( 1 ) During the excavation of earth pressure， force， torque，and other major tunneling parameters continuously analyzed and summarized，timely adjustment of control parameters and reasonable control in the normal range，to ensure normal tunneling shield. (2) Ensure the accuracy and the risk of continuous observation of the monitoring data that will appear on its construction process detected a continuity of good feedback， and allow field personnel to take timely action，can effectively avoid the danger happened. (3) Review of several parameters such as shield and reserve the tube sheet to install certain degree of freedom， and then to ensure that each ring of shield tunneling to achieve the desired objectives. (4) The proposed departure time for slurry shield shield instability control of the control program can give a reference for similar projects.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 113-119 [Abstract] ( 2728 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2460 )

Engineering Economy and Management

	120	Research on the Adjustment of Railway Project Cost Standards in Line with the Policy of Replacing Business Tax with Value - added Tax ^Hot!
		FU Jian - bin
		Abstract ： Research purposes ： This research is an Itempt at finding ways of adjusting the standards for budget estimate and budget of railway capital construction for beter compliance witli the new national policy of replacing busines tax with value - added tax，covering the whole spectrum from cost composition，cost calculation，cost standards，and project quota. Research conclusions ：( 1) Project cost for railway construction and installation = pre - tax project cost for railway construction and installation X ( 1+11%); Pre - tax project cost for railway construction and installation comprises labor cost，material cost，cost for using machinery，transportation cost，price diference，fill cost，construction measure cost，extra cost for special construction，and indirect cost，H of which are calculated by deducting the input value -added tax which could be replaced by value - added tax. (2) The increase of material information cost does not include the input value - added tax which could be replaced by value - added tax. The budget estimate of materials such as local materials should be calculated according to the investigated cost from which the value - added tax is excluded. ( 3 ) The extra taxes such as urban maintenance and construction tax，extra education tax，extra local education tax are closely related to the level of enterprise management， and thus in calculating project cost shall beincorporated into the enterprise management cost. (4) The original cost of equipment shall beincorporated into thebudget estimate by deducting the input value - added tax which could be replaced by value - added tax； the cost rate of equipment transportation shU be adjusted based on the original cost of equipment; the tax shU be calculated according to： (the original cost of equipment + the cost of equipment transportation) X 11%; (5) The research results are applicable to the field of railway project cost, and can serve as a reference for revising the current standards for railway project cost.
		2016 Vol. 33 (11): 120-124 [Abstract] ( 2766 ) HTML (1 KB) PDF (0 KB) ( 2557 )